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item list element: How to improve diversity in an economics department - a reflection
item list element: Recession
item list element: What to expect from an Announcement
item list element: Studying in Europe - a US American Student's Experience in Berlin, Germany
item list element: 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics - The Winners
item list element: Studying in the USA - Two (European) Student Experiences in Charlotte, North Carolina
item list element: Succeeding in the European Job Market for Economists
item list element: The Top Free Online Econometrics Courses
item list element: Developing a teaching profile: Why and how?
item list element: Optimise your Recruitment Strategy for Economics PhD Positions
item list element: Lagrangian Optimization
item list element: 8 Qualities Which Will Get You Through Tough Times In Your PhD
item list element: A Post-PhD Career in Research: Jack of all Trades, Master of Some
item list element: 5 key differences between American- and European-style PhD programs
item list element: 8 Life Lessons You'll Learn Doing A PhD
item list element: How to balance your PhD and your social life
item list element: Should you prolong your predoc life?
item list element: Econometrics and Statistical Software
item list element: Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)
item list element: The INOMICS Questionnaire: Fratzscher vs Tooze
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How to improve diversity in an economics department - a reflection
type: Article
title: How to improve diversity in an economics department - a reflection
description: It is important to have a diverse classroom in economics, because it brings richness in intellectual exchange, and because economics deals with contemporary policy issues that affect everyone – not just the visible majority. In the economics department at St. Lawrence University, a small liberal arts college in upstate New York, we considered ways to increase the diversity of our majors while improving the professional climate in our department. We developed our diversity plan in the academic year 2021-2022 and immediately started work on implementation. This brief reflection on our comprehensive approach to diversity offers some advice to academic departments who are looking to make a difference. 1. Acknowledge the problem but highlight existing strengths Before investing in diversity initiatives, it is important to conduct an honest assessment of the status quo. Using institutional data from 2011 to 2015 curated by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, we took a critical look at the demographics of our majors and found that women tend to major in economics at lower rates, both at St. Lawrence and in our “New York 6” liberal arts college peer group. However, 21.7% of African American men at St. Lawrence major in economics, more than twice the rate of any other school in the peer group. St. Lawrence also has much higher rates for Asian American men (31.3%) and Asian American women (14.8%) than similar schools. While women remain underrepresented among our majors (5.6% of white women and 3.9% of minority women study economics at St. Lawrence), racial minorities tend to choose economics as their major at relatively higher rates and this is something to be recognized. Economics is a global profession. According to the 2020 NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates, 56.6% of US doctoral recipients in economics were temporary visa holders. Likewise, our department contains economics professors from six different countries. To capitalize on this strength, we developed a learning go…
disambiguating description: Economics is a popular major in the US, but relatively few women and historically underrepresented minority students choose it as their field of study. This reality is reflected in stagnant US graduation trends; women earn approximately 30% of bachelor’s degrees in economics, and Black, Hispanic, and Native American students earn less than 15%.
date posted: 2022-11-23T15:41:16Z
date modified: 2024-02-15T21:30:24Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Sahar Milani
keywords: economics department
keywords: women in economics
keywords: diversity in economics
type: teach
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Recession
type: CreativeWork
title: Recession
description: Causes of a Recession Recessions are natural phases of the business cycle that can “cause” significant economic damage (the underlying cause of any given recession is what affects economic outcomes, not the label “recession” itself). Almost always during a recession, productivity and employment fall. Lower output and lower employment translate to lower economic growth and less overall utility. Usually, consumer spending falls as well, especially as demand for non-essential goods and services declines. Recessions are often caused by a mixture of exogenous and endogenous factors. When different factors in an economy create a negative feedback loop, these factors may feed into each other and lead to a full-blown recession. In this case, the causes are endogenous, because they occur due to interactions of market forces and market participants. An example is the Great Recession of 2008, which began due to moral hazard-induced risky lending behavior (among other market-related factors). In short, banks packaged high-risk loans together and sold them, leading to a market with over-valued assets. Once people began to default on their loans, many of these assets were revealed as worthless as the housing bubble burst. This led to a series of bank crises that crashed the world economy. Other times, a recession can be prompted by an external, or exogenous, event that isn’t caused by market forces – like a drought. These events can cripple the economy’s ability to function normally, and are often depicted in economic models as negative shifts of aggregate demand or supply. Regardless of its cause, the welfare impact of a recession is not evenly distributed. People who lose their jobs due to a recession will find their well-being severely reduced, while some individuals may even benefit. For example, wealthy individuals can sometimes utilize a recession to buy property or capital at cheaper rates than during normal economic times. Identifying a Recession One often-touted method t…
disambiguating description: In economics, a recession is a period of time with a prolonged or significant decline in economic activity. This can involve high levels of unemployment and inflation, and cause many people to experience economic distress. Although this term is used by politicians and laypeople frequently, economists may disagree about when a recession is occurring.
date posted: 2022-11-23T16:47:28Z
date modified: 2024-04-04T19:26:17Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Sean McClung
keywords: Recession
keywords: Economics Terms A-Z
type: terms
disciplines: economichistory
disciplines: economics
disciplines: macroeconomicsmonetary
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
disciplines: businesseconomics
discipline labels: Economic History (JEL N)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (JEL E)
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)
discipline labels: Business Economics (JEL M)

What to expect from an Announcement
type: Article
title: What to expect from an Announcement
description: Each Announcement level includes different levels of promotion that alters how it is listed on the website, included in emails to our subscribers and on our social media channels. Higher Announcement levels also offer more media options (videos, images) as well as improved appearance and layout. Which Announcement level should I book? Basic A Basic Level Announcement is for recruiters, administrators or faculty with limited budgets who just need to get an upcoming job, conference, workshop, or scholarship online. The listing will include your logo, be searchable on our website and feature in one Email Alert (sent to over 70,000 economists) and one automated post on Facebook and Twitter. But the clue is in the name, this is our Basic tier. Your Announcement will include no additional images and it will typically appear below Standard, Featured and Premium Announcements. It will also drop in visibility more quickly than the higher options. We therefore recommend that all customers consider one of the higher levels. Standard We would encourage all job, conference, workshop, or scholarship posters in particular to take the step up and pick the Standard Level Announcement. On top of your logo inclusion, email alert and social media posts, you can also include an image gallery which significantly increases engagement and search-engine visibility. Additionally, your listing will be seen across our website in our Mini (sidebar) Banners and users can enable Deadline Reminders for your opportunity, giving a visibility boost on the website and in the email alert in the final week before your deadline. On average, a Standard Announcement generates three times more views than a Basic Announcement. However, if you are posting a study program or professional training course where branding and media is important in your communication, or if you have a position that is difficult to fill and need a wider reach, then our Featured and Premium Levels help your Announcement reach as many…
disambiguating description: On inomics.com, we offer 4 different Announcement levels to suit your goals and budget: Basic, Standard, Featured and Premium. What should you expect from each Announcement Level?
date posted: 2019-06-07T11:29:38Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:02:27Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Inside 11AN
keywords: Inside INOMICS
keywords: 11 academia networks
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: artarthistory
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Art & Art History
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Studying in Europe - a US American Student's Experience in Berlin, Germany
type: Article
title: Studying in Europe - a US American Student's Experience in Berlin, Germany
description: 1) What is your degree in/what are you studying? Masters of Science in Business Administration. I will write my thesis with the Management chair. 2) What has been your favorite economics course and why? I have a couple favorite economics courses; namely, Game Theory, European Economic History 1 and 2, and Geography and Growth. What I like about all these courses is that they are challenging and relate directly to human behavior. All of these courses provide one with a new lens to view and understand the world. I particularly liked the European Economic History courses, because it helped me to understand how we came to our current (European) world. This is particularly interesting for a native US-American, as I grew up with history focused around the USA. Meaning, I had a basic knowledge of European history, and of other continents for that matter. It is interesting to learn about history from not only another continent/country’s perspective, but also from an economic perspective. <11an>limit:3;categories:Programs;disciplines:Economics</11an> 3) Were you surprised by anything? What was unexpected about studying in Germany or Europe? Naturally, there are differences between studying in Germany (or Europe) compared to the USA. However, I am always curious and open to experiencing something new; so I seldom feel surprised, rather fascinated, when I am met with a new experience. I guess, besides the differences in tuition, I was most intrigued to experience the difference in how universities are organized. In the USA, every student is assigned an advisor who recommends classes based on your interests and who emails you reminders for class enrollment deadlines. In Germany, perhaps because tuition is less expensive and, therefore, may have fewer resources to provide such extra assistance, every student is in charge of their own studies. I love it. Every student takes on the responsibility of choosing their own classes, finding out their own deadlines, etc. There is a feeli…
disambiguating description: INOMICS has had the opportunity to interview several international students and learn about their experiences studying abroad. For this article, we interviewed Alexis. She's from the US-Midwest and moved to Germany in February 2020. She is currently finishing up her Master’s program in business administration at Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and will then be looking for a job to stay in the country. Below we’ll share her advice for other international students, experiences about studying in Germany, and more! If you’re from the US - or anywhere else - and curious what it’s like to study in Europe, read on.
date posted: 2022-10-17T14:06:40Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:07:22Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Student Experiences
keywords: Study in EU
keywords: Study in Germany
keywords: Berlin
keywords: Study in Europe
keywords: Study in Berlin
keywords: study abroad
keywords: Sean McClung
keywords: Germany
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

2022 Nobel Prize in Economics - The Winners
type: Article
title: 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics - The Winners
description: This article gives an overview of the work that won these economists the Prize, and a brief bio for each economist. You can read more about the reasoning behind the awarding of the Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ press release page. The Research that Won This Year’s Prize Diamond and Dybvig conducted research that illuminated the role of banks as intermediaries. Their groundbreaking paper published in the Journal of Political Economy in 1983 develops the Diamond-Dybvig model, which is widely cited and still in use today. Banks have a unique role in the economy; consumers save their money in banks for safekeeping, and to grow their wealth. At the same time, borrowers want to use this money to build, invest, and otherwise fuel their economic activity. Banks use consumers’ savings to become lenders to these borrowers. Diamond and Dybvig’s research showed that banks are the optimal way for the economy to carefully balance the needs of savers (or lenders) and borrowers. Diamond additionally argued that this position makes banks the best entity in the economy to assess creditworthiness of borrowers, and thus to make decisions about which investments are good enough to invest society’s money into. Problems for a bank can arise when savings are demanded back by the lenders who need their money for an unexpected circumstance; banks do not actually hold all of their reserves in liquid form. A bank run occurs when too many consumers demand their money back from the bank than it is currently holding. This can cause a bank to fail. Ben Bernanke, in his analysis of the Great Depression of the 1930s, showed that bank runs were an important reason that the Depression grew so severe. One key reason for this is that when banks fail, the information they contain about consumers’ creditworthiness can be lost. This information loss makes it more difficult for society to allocate savings to the best investment opportunities, limiting opportunities for economic growth. A…
disambiguating description: The prestigious 2022 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, better known as the Nobel Prize for Economics, has been awarded to three American economists: Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond, and Philip H. Dybvig. The prize, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, was given to these economists for their contributions to “research on banks and financial crises”. The Prize notes that these three economists laid the groundwork for this research in the early 1980s.
date posted: 2022-10-13T09:34:50Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T11:02:38Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Ben Bernanke
keywords: Nobel Prize
keywords: Philip Dybvig
keywords: Sean McClung
keywords: Douglas Diamond
keywords: Nobel Prize in Economics
type: blog
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Studying in the USA - Two (European) Student Experiences in Charlotte, North Carolina
type: Article
title: Studying in the USA - Two (European) Student Experiences in Charlotte, North Carolina
description: If you want to know what it’s like to study in the US - in terms of academic structure, culture, and life in general - then read on. 1) What is your degree? Why did you choose to study in the US? Lenka: I am pursuing a Master's degree in Data Science and Business Analytics. I always wanted to study abroad, and the US seemed like a good opportunity. I decided based on language (I wanted to go to an English speaking country) and major (I wanted to study Data Science; a similar program was opened in the Czech Republic at that time, but I wanted to study a program that already had some tradition). The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNCC) was a good fit for all my requirements. Adam: MA in communication - it was not a decision about going to the USA or not going to the USA, it was more about going anywhere, about studying abroad. The USA won against other countries because of the student-athlete opportunities, and the work experiences you can get there. <11an>limit:3;disciplines:Economics;countries:United States</11an> 2) What were the cultural differences you experienced in schooling? How is education different in the US vs. back home? Lenka: Cultural Differences Students are not helping each other - in the US they do not speak with each other in the classes. I was really surprised by this. Another cultural difference was in clothing - many students wear clothes similar to pajamas in class. Back at home, people dress more business casual at universities. Also in the USA, university campuses are bigger and nicer compared to in the Czech Republic and student life in the USA is better. Education Differences Grading is more strict in the Czech Republic compared to the USA (only a few students from classes get an A, and the rest get B or C). Because of that, nobody cares about GPA in Czechia - students only try to pass exams. There we do not have many assignments during the school year. If so, we have only a few. The main focus is on midterms and the final exam. …
disambiguating description: Ever thought about studying abroad in the US? INOMICS has had the opportunity to interview two international students at two US universities and learn about their experiences doing just that. For this article, we interviewed Adam at Queens University and Lenka at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, two students from the Czech Republic who moved to Charlotte, North Carolina in the US to study their Master’s degrees. Below we’ll share their advice for other international students, experiences about studying in the US, and more!
date posted: 2022-10-13T11:53:49Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:10:57Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Student Experiences
keywords: study in the USA
keywords: Czech Republic
keywords: Czechia
keywords: United States
keywords: study in the united states
keywords: study abroad
keywords: Sean McClung
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Succeeding in the European Job Market for Economists
type: Article
title: Succeeding in the European Job Market for Economists
description: These institutions include European universities and research institutes in academia, but also many consulting firms, tech companies, think tanks, governments, and government agencies (such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and central banks). The EJME can appear chaotic with applicants and recruiters constantly in a frenzy of interviews, offers, rejections, ambitions, hopes and disappointments. But by coordinating the timing of recruitment activities, there is more opportunity for candidates and institutions to meet each other and to make the most advantageous matches. Finding the right job can be a life-defining moment for individuals, and the performance of institutions depends crucially on the people they employ. Each year, around 1000 candidates and 200 institutions from Europe and beyond join the EJME, devoting enormous amounts of time and energy to get these matches right. The EJME calendar The EJME recruiting season starts in September/October when recruiters advertise their job openings for the next academic year. At the same time, candidates put together their job market ‘packages’ including their CV, research output (usually in the form of a specific job market paper [JMP]), reference letters and, increasingly, a personal website. Candidates apply for (usually many) posts throughout the autumn and, having reviewed their documentation, recruiters invite candidates for first-round interviews. In pre-Covid times, these were face-to-face and took place in a European city, but they have been online over the last couple of years. This will be the case again in 2022. Whether online or face-to-face, the first round of interviews takes place over a few days in mid-December so that there is some coordination in the timing of decisions being made by candidates and recruiters. A typical university department might interview as many as 30-40 candidates in this first round. Around seven or eight of these candidates might then be invited for “fly-outs” wher…
disambiguating description: The European Job Market for Economists (EJME) takes place annually. It aims to ensure that economics students who are about to complete (or have recently completed) their PhD make the best possible job match with institutions recruiting research economists.
date posted: 2022-10-07T12:59:32Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:18:04Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics jobs
keywords: inomics
keywords: Economics Network
keywords: economics job market
keywords: EJME
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

The Top Free Online Econometrics Courses
type: Article
title: The Top Free Online Econometrics Courses
description: The courses listed here don't require enrollment in an institution, and are all free of charge for at least a limited time. Many of the Coursera courses allow free enrollment, but may require a fee after a certain amount of time has passed. So, no matter where you are (in your home) - at your kitchen table, armchair, or even in bed - you can have econometrics taught to you by some of the top professors, hailing from some of the world's leading universities. The courses here are all econometrics related, though some cover introductory statistics, which is a necessary prerequisite to understand econometrics. All the courses are available in English and are targeted at various different levels of study. So, no matter where you are in your studies, whether you are doing a Bachelor's or a PhD, you should find something of interest. While some are open tutorials available at any time of the year, others have opening and closing dates for participation. 1. Econometrics: Methods and Applications Course Provider: Erasmus University Rotterdam/Coursera Duration: 8 weeks Background needed: The course is suitable for (advanced undergraduate) students in economics, finance, business, engineering, and data analysis, as well as for those who work in these fields. 2. The Classical Linear Regression Model Course Provider: Queen Mary University of London / Coursera Duration: Approx. 22 hours Background needed: Introductory course, no experience required. This is the first in a series of 4 courses: Econometrics of Economists and Finance Practitioners 3. Basic Statistics Course Provider: University of Amsterdam / Coursera Duration: 8 weeks Background needed: None; this is a beginner course that will help students get familiar with statistics. This and its following course are necessary background for econometrics coursework. 4. Inferential Statistics Course Provider: University of Amsterdam / Coursera Duration: 7 weeks Background needed: Basic Statistics, the course listed just above, i…
disambiguating description: Although the shift toward online learning pre-dated the coronavirus, the pandemic caused a great proliferation in the availability and acceptance of online learning. More and more courses can now be found online, allowing students to continue with their studies or even get credit for some courses from the comfort of their own home.
date posted: 2013-08-25T22:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:20:26Z
language: en
keywords: courses
keywords: economics
keywords: MOOC
keywords: online
keywords: Econometrics
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: econometricsstatisticsquantitative
disciplines: statistics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Econometrics, Statistics and Quantitative Methods (JEL C)
discipline labels: Statistics

Developing a teaching profile: Why and how?
type: Article
title: Developing a teaching profile: Why and how?
description: Teaching related metrics have also gained prominence. The annual National Student Survey of final year undergraduate students’ views of their programmes and universities; the greater attention paid to various national and international university rankings and the more recent Teaching Excellence Framework exercises have led to more attention being given to teaching and learning. Possibly reflecting this, there has also been a noticeable shift in the academic composition of many UK university economics departments. While historically departments recruited colleagues on research and teaching contracts, there are a growing number of departments that are recruiting academics with a greater emphasis on teaching (and administration) in their contracts. Regardless of the type of contract an academic is on, they increasingly need to demonstrate teaching effectiveness to ensure permanent contracts and promotions. In addition, a greater number of universities are also placing value on (and in some cases insisting upon) academics getting Advance HE teaching recognition in the form of Fellowship, Senior Fellowship or Principal Fellowship qualifications. As a result, academics are being asked to produce teaching profiles, teaching- focused CVs and evidence of their effectiveness as an educator. This article provides advice on how to approach writing these teaching profiles, including suggestions for the evidence to collate and include. How to evidence teaching effectiveness Academics should be consistently collecting evidence to demonstrate the quality and impact of their teaching. This information will be crucial if and when you are required to present a teaching profile, and can also be useful as a source of information (selected and probably in abbreviated form) for a teaching-focused CV. Most obviously, we should keep a record of the modules we teach each year, noting whether we take on the role of module leader, lecturer, or tutor, as well as the approximate number of studen…
disambiguating description: The increasing importance of evidencing teaching effectiveness In recent years, the UK higher education environment has noticeably changed. Research Assessment Exercises and then the Research Excellence Framework have highlighted the importance of academics not only being research- active but regularly publishing high quality outputs in internationally recognised academic journals.
date posted: 2022-09-26T13:30:54Z
date modified: 2024-02-15T21:22:14Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Teaching profile
keywords: academic economist
keywords: Caroline Elliott
keywords: Economics Network
keywords: teaching
keywords: teaching portfolio
type: teach
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Optimise your Recruitment Strategy for Economics PhD Positions
type: Article
title: Optimise your Recruitment Strategy for Economics PhD Positions
description: Candidates can find more information in our guide on how to successfully apply to a PhD in Economics. For institutions aiming to find the best international talent for their PhD positions, the most important question is how to reach the right audience, primarily current master’s students. You don’t want to waste all your budget chasing after the wrong candidates. Unlike bachelor or master’s level, the pool of potential PhD candidates is much smaller and they will already know which discipline or disciplines their interests align with. Therefore, it's best to target your recruitment efforts and be as specific as possible. With a strong user base of current students, INOMICS is an excellent platform to publish your PhD position in economics (or a PhD position in another discipline that is open to current economics students). Additionally our active blog and advice articles, not to mention our resources for economics students means that more students find INOMICS every day. To achieve the best results from your Announcement, be sure to consider the following recommendations. Program vs Job Opening One of the main questions faced by people publicizing their PhDs on INOMICS, is whether their advert should be advertised as a program, a scholarship or a job opening. The difference is important as many candidates restrict their search by the type of offer. Programs Students who want to transfer into PhD positions straight from their Master or Diploma degree tend to look first at the program section on INOMICS, being in a “campus mentality”, and aiming to find a structured program. PhD Candidates looking for programs make up the largest audience and generate the most searches. On INOMICS, student recruiters will get the best response by promoting their program through this section. Scholarship Students primarily looking for research funding, so that they can conduct research in pursuit of a PhD at their current university, or at a research institute where they are currently …
disambiguating description: Every year, October is the peak time for future PhD candidates in economics to start applying for their first-choice positions. For those students who want to stay in their current institutions, the process may be fairly straightforward. However, for candidates seeking opportunities internationally or simply at a different university, the prospect and the process may be somewhat more daunting.
date posted: 2013-10-17T22:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:21:47Z
language: en
keywords: job market.
keywords: PhD Recruitment
keywords: Phd Candidate
keywords: student recruitment
type: advice
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Lagrangian Optimization
type: CreativeWork
title: Lagrangian Optimization
description: Often, microeconomists are interested in the optimal choice that an economic agent can make using their limited budget. For instance, what is the maximum utility someone can achieve by purchasing some combination of goods? Lagrangian optimization allows us to solve this type of problem in a rather straightforward way. First, it assumes that a budget constraint is binding. This makes sense in a world where we assume the actors are rational consumers. If someone did not use all of their money, they understand that they would become better off by using the rest of their money. A budget constraint will often look similar to q*p ≤ a, where a is the total budget, q is quantity, and p is price. For our problem, we will use the constraint q1*p1 + q2*p2 ≤ a, where q1 and q2 are two different goods each with their own prices. This shows that the total value of goods the consumer purchases must be less than or equal to the money they have. When a budget constraint like this is “binding”, that just means that the inequality becomes an equals sign. Or, in words, the consumer uses all of their money. The next step is to subtract so that the budget constraint is all on the same side of the equation, like so: q1*p1 + q2*p2 - a = 0. Now, we multiply this budget constraint by the Lagrange multiplier λ, which represents the “shadow price”. That is, when this problem is solved, the Lagrange multiplier λ shows us how much the objective function (i.e., the utility function, revenue function, etc.) changes in response to an infinitesimal change in the budget constraint. To finish setting up the problem, simply subtract this modified budget constraint from the original equation. In our case, this means the full Lagrangian optimization problem looks like this: L(q1,q2,p1,p2) = U(q1,q2,p1,p2) - λ(q1*p1 + q2*p2 - a) where L denotes a Lagrangian optimization problem, and U(q1,q2,p1,p2) is the utility function as a function of q and p for both goods. To solve this problem, we take a series of p…
disambiguating description: Lagrangian optimization is a method for solving optimization problems with constraints. The method makes use of the Lagrange multiplier, which is what gives it its name (this, in turn, being named after mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange, born 1736). Many subfields of economics use this technique, and it is covered in most introductory microeconomics courses, so it pays to become familiar with it.
date posted: 2022-09-27T12:25:29Z
date modified: 2023-06-01T14:23:05Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Lagrangian Optimization
keywords: derivatives
keywords: microeconomics
keywords: Lagrange multiplier
keywords: Sean McClung
keywords: lagrange
keywords: partial derivatives
type: terms
disciplines: microeconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: econometricsstatisticsquantitative
disciplines: economicthoughtmethodology
discipline labels: Microeconomics (JEL D)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Econometrics, Statistics and Quantitative Methods (JEL C)
discipline labels: Economic Thought & Methodology (JEL B)

8 Qualities Which Will Get You Through Tough Times In Your PhD
type: Article
title: 8 Qualities Which Will Get You Through Tough Times In Your PhD
description: 1. Creative Thinking When things go wrong during your PhD program – which they surely will! – then you need to find creative solutions. If your initial analysis found no meaningful results for your primary question, did it reveal other interesting insights? If your pilot experiment didn’t work out, can you salvage the data or design a better experiment? Perhaps you couldn’t find the data you were hoping for – would finding a suitable instrumental variable help fill the gap? The process of research is really a process of learning, and if your research is new, it probably generated new knowledge. Even a finding of “no relationship” can be interesting. <11an>limit:3;categories:PhD Programs;disciplines:Economics</11an> 2. Adaptability As a PhD candidate, you are an expert in some areas but inexperienced in others. In order to deal with challenges, you'll need to adapt and learn new skills. An attitude of lifelong learning is a good quality for PhD students. So, don't tell yourself that you're “not good with numbers” or “not a good writer” - instead, you'll benefit from accepting that you'll sometimes need to learn new skills or spend more time on certain aspects of your research. Asking your peers for help might be a good way to start, thus at the same time forging connections that will help you support one another through the difficult PhD process. 3. Openness As with adaptability, it's important that you are open-minded to new ideas. Don't get too attached to one idea, method, or approach to your work. It's better to consider different approaches when you're in a bind. For example, perhaps your experimental methodology didn't work out, but there might be a different methodology you could use instead. Learnings from other social sciences, both in theory and in methodology, can be helpful here. Especially if you know peers working in other disciplines, it could be very illuminating to chat with them about your research interests. 4. Ability to accept criticism It's hard…
disambiguating description: Doing an economics PhD can be full of challenges and difficulties. Here we look at some of the personal qualities that will help you continue making progress when you encounter a problem.
date posted: 2016-07-12T14:46:29Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:24:56Z
language: en
keywords: phd life
keywords: advice
keywords: mental health
keywords: thesis
keywords: PhD
keywords: quality
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

A Post-PhD Career in Research: Jack of all Trades, Master of Some
type: Article
title: A Post-PhD Career in Research: Jack of all Trades, Master of Some
description: The importance of writing as communication It is indeed true that researchers like us (post-docs, research fellows, senior researchers, and so on) working in academia or in public/private/non-profit institutes spend a lot of time at their desks: writing articles, among other things. We maybe Doctors of Philosophy, but in reality, we are Masters in Writing and a few other things. This is because the demands of a researcher’s role requires us to be jacks of a lot of trades and masters in some. Writing is intrinsically connected to communication. As researchers we need to be good at communicating our thinking – what we study, why and how, and what we can (and cannot) conclude from the results – to diverse audiences. These include fellow scientists, policymakers, university administrators, and the wider public. It requires us to be as creative as the advertising professional next door. We need to learn how to crisply frame catchy titles so that articles promptly capture the attention of editors. We seek creative answers to questions such as: how do we in 200 words summarize a complex research idea that took us six months to conceptualize, test and execute? What is the next big research idea, and how will it get us a zillion citations in a few months? Developing managerial skills In addition, we also start playing managerial roles. First, we need to hone our skills in people management. Supervising students, research assistants, doctoral scholars, and entry-level post-docs is a daily activity. This throws up new challenges: how do we find a good balance between our research interests and nurturing those of our junior researchers? How do we encourage them to work hard while also ensuring that they do not get burnt out? How do we find research assistants who care as much about our research as we do? How do we incentivize the masters’ students to put in their very best in executing the research plans they have drawn up? Second, we need to develop good project management ski…
disambiguating description: Our favorite caricature of a post-doctoral researcher: a frail man (or woman) with unkempt hair, hunched in front of a computer screen, with a half-filled cup of coffee by his side. As the coffee gets colder and time flies by, he appears oblivious to his surroundings. He is happy spending long hours at his desk conceptualizing arcane theory on obscure topics the real world does not care about. He is in a state of eternal "tapasya" – meditating on his eternal love-affair with knowledge…because life is an eternal quest for knowledge! Or, so the world believes. Once the PhD has been completed, and freshly-minted researchers decide that research is what they would like to do for the rest of their lives, their friends and family might start assuming that a Doctor of Philosophy is just another armchair intellectual.
date posted: 2020-09-07T09:50:12Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:27:43Z
language: en
keywords: post-phd
keywords: career
keywords: research
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

5 key differences between American- and European-style PhD programs
type: Article
title: 5 key differences between American- and European-style PhD programs
description: This piece primarily focuses on the differences and similarities between economics PhD programs on the two sides of the Atlantic. I later discuss how an economics PhD is organized in other parts of the world, as many other countries have modeled their PhD programs on one of these two styles. Program duration The most striking difference between an American and European economics PhD is the expected duration of the program. In the US, universities traditionally offer a five-year degree where the first two years are devoted to training, and the final three years are expected to be spent on independent research. At the end of Year 1, graduate students take core examinations to progress to the second year. These are traditionally in Microeconomics, Macroeconomics and Econometrics. In the second year of an American PhD, students can choose courses that are closer to their research interests, which allows them to specialize in a particular field. In Europe, graduate programs vary significantly in terms of both structure and expected study duration. A standard Economics PhD lasts three to four years. In the first year, graduate students typically follow PhD-level courses offered by their department and develop a research proposal. The next two to three years are spent on independent research. Recently, many top European economics schools have started offering a 5-year PhD program following the American tradition. It is composed of two years of intensive classes delivered ‘in-house’ by the respective department, after which students are typically awarded a degree of a Research Master’s (or MPhil) and progress onto the research stage. Some universities offer a three-year ‘research only’ program for more advanced students, although this is still uncommon. These programs are usually for students that completed a Research Master (or an MPhil) somewhere else or gained extensive research experience prior to their PhD. Master’s degree requirements The second difference between an …
disambiguating description: A PhD is a life choice. One of the crucial factors that a potential graduate student should account for is that doing a PhD in the US can be a completely different experience from doing a PhD in Italy, Germany, or elsewhere in Europe.
date posted: 2022-09-09T11:07:42Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:34:16Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics phd
keywords: student experiences
keywords: study abroad
keywords: Hanna Sakhno
keywords: studying abroad
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

8 Life Lessons You'll Learn Doing A PhD
type: Article
title: 8 Life Lessons You'll Learn Doing A PhD
description: Time management One of the first skills that you'll pick up in your PhD program is the ability to manage your own time. Unless you have an unusually overbearing supervisor, you will have to be responsible for organizing your own working days and making sure that your work gets done on time. This is excellent training for other roles later in your career in which you will have to allocate time for various tasks to meet deadlines. Browse our PhD program listings for economics Importance of prioritization Related to time management, you will also learn to assess the priorities of various tasks. What needs to be done right now, and what can wait? Is it better to get small tasks out of the way quickly, or should you tackle big, demanding projects first? There are different styles which work for different people, and being responsible for your own research project will teach you which prioritization techniques work for you. How to work with others Although doing a PhD is largely an independent undertaking, you will also need to work with others. Whether working as part of a research group or organizing an event with your fellow PhD students, you will learn to listen to others, to make your own suggestions to a group, and to find compromises. These are all invaluable skills for later in life. How to give an oral presentation At some point in your PhD you will be required to give an oral presentation, such as at a conference, workshop, or as part of your thesis defense. You will get in practice at putting together interesting slides, at speaking clearly to a group, and at conveying information in a comprehensible way. Self-motivation One of the biggest challenges to overcome in your PhD is having to motivate yourself. It's unlikely that anyone else will push you to get your work done, so you have to find ways in which you can encourage yourself, even when you're tired or bored. Being able to push through negative emotions to meet your goals is one of the most broadly useful…
disambiguating description: Doing an economics PhD will make you an expert in your research topic, but, beyond that, it will also teach you a number of valuable lessons which are applicable to other jobs and your personal life. Here are some of the most useful lessons that you'll learn from undertaking your own independent research project. If you plan to start your PhD application this autumn, download our free guide "How to successfully apply to a PhD in Economics".
date posted: 2016-07-19T13:45:06Z
date modified: 2024-06-13T11:13:14Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: teamwork
keywords: time management
keywords: writing
keywords: creative thinking
keywords: PhD
keywords: editing
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

How to balance your PhD and your social life
type: Article
title: How to balance your PhD and your social life
description: Treat your PhD like a regular job One of the challenges of adjusting to life as a PhD student is the lack of a firm schedule or a definite structure. Although there are options for structured PhD programs, especially in the US, many PhD programs do not have required coursework or set work times. This can make it hard to know when you should be working, and conversely, when you are allowed to take time off. To help with this, where possible set some regular working hours for yourself and try not to answer emails outside of normal working hours. There can be considerable pressure from your supervisor and others to be available at all times, but waking up in the middle of the night to answer emails is not healthy. And, if you stick to regular working hours – for example, 9 to 6 from Monday to Friday – you'll have less of a need to answer late night emails. This will help to keep your evenings free for social events, both practically and mentally. <11an>limit:3;categories:PhD Programs;disciplines:Economics</11an> You need holidays and days off Similar to the advice above, when doing a PhD program there is a feeling like you should be working every spare second that you have. But no one can work 100% of the time. For the sake of your social life and your well being, it's vital that you take weekends and holidays off. Use this time to see friends and family and try not to think too much about work while you do. One good way to take vacation is to add a few days to the end of your trip when you travel to a conference. Conferences are usually held in exciting locations and you'll only need to pay for the extra days at a hotel and your daily expenses. A few days off after a busy conference can be a great way to relax with friends, co-workers, or a partner. Attend social events at your institution If you don't know many other people who are doing a PhD, you might feel very isolated and like no one understands what you're going through. A good way to get to know other people i…
disambiguating description: Doing an economics PhD can feel like an all-encompassing task, but it's important for your well-being that you have a social life during this time as well. It can be hard to balance the two, but if you don't, you may find yourself overwhelmed and not able to enjoy your time researching and writing as much. Here are tips on balancing your PhD with your social life.
date posted: 2018-09-24T09:07:10Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:36:02Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: study advice
keywords: free time
keywords: balance
keywords: Georgina Torbet
keywords: social life
keywords: phd
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Should you prolong your predoc life?
type: Article
title: Should you prolong your predoc life?
description: If you go through curricula vitae of recent PhD graduates, you may find it’s not uncommon to see that a PhD owns two master’s degrees. As lots of MA/MSc in Economics programs are one-year programs, some students will pursue an MRes or MPhil in Economics afterwards. Others may opt for a degree in applied mathematics, statistics or another field with an intention to strengthen their quantitative and/or coding skills (summer school programs are another option to do this). Even more common in those CVs is seeing a predoctoral research assistantship (henceforth, “predoc RA”). For many students, this job was done during their bachelor’s or master’s studies, while for others, it was a full-time predoc RA position in the interim before their PhD programs. Both of these cases are what the phrase “predoc life” refers to in this article. As a current PhD student who has fairly recently experienced the application process, and who has quite a few friends and peers who have also had this experience, I’m sharing this overview to help others who are considering a PhD. This article is specifically for those students who are not sure whether to apply to a PhD straight away, or to extend their predoc career first. <11an>limit:3;categories:PhD Programs;disciplines:Economics</11an><o:p></o:p> The pros and cons of predoc life There are differing viewpoints about whether prolonging your predoc life is helpful or not. Although receiving broader academic training, replacing the current GPA with a better one, and developing a more fully-fledged research idea are some of the many pros, the cons deserve to be shared. Given increasingly difficult admissions (which has been observed, but as of this writing not proven), a second Master’s without plenty of advanced courses and excellent grades may even hurt your chances of being admitted to a PhD program. Likewise, a full-time predoc RA position does not necessarily help a lot if the professor is not truly satisfied with your work and would not g…
disambiguating description: Due to COVID-19, PhD applicants over the past two years have had quite difficult application periods. It seems common now for students to apply to a range of universities and not be accepted to any of them. In fact, even without this exogenous pandemic factor, admission to economics PhD programs has been becoming increasingly difficult as a result of the excess supply of PhD applicants.
date posted: 2022-08-29T14:11:32Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T10:38:56Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: predoc RA
keywords: predoc
keywords: predoc life
keywords: Huaxin Wang-Lu
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Econometrics and Statistical Software
type: Article
title: Econometrics and Statistical Software
description: Broadly speaking, there are two types of software: proprietary and open source. Some people and organizations choose to use proprietary packages, which are developed and copyrighted by a single company. Others rely on free, open source solutions, like the popular “R” Project. Within these two categories, there are dozens if not hundreds of alternatives, varying in price, complexity, capability, user-friendliness and popularity. This post by Bob Muenchen is a great resource if you are looking for a survey of the most popular packages. He uses a number of different measures to evaluate different software options and keeps it up to date. Note that this survey is for data science in general - not just economics. That said, all of the common software used in economics are represented - like Python, R, Stata, SAS, SPSS, MATLAB, and more. That’s quite the list of names, and it can sound intimidating. To help you understand the software tools landscape, in this article we will shed some light on the most popular software packages for economists, and offer some details about how you can learn more about them. 1) Which software should I use? Before buying a package or downloading an open-source option, it is a good idea to talk to colleagues, visit online forums or communities related to each product of interest, examine your course curricula if you’re a student, and take advantage of free trials. It is also important to consider your own abilities and/or the level of expertise available within your team (if applicable). If there are several software packages that meet your needs, options with better support may save you time and stress in the long term. That said, students of economics may tend to focus on the major open-source, non-proprietary tools in their studies; many courses use open-source tools to teach. Python and R are two examples. R is used very often by economists. Python, meanwhile, is used somewhat less often in economics, but is used frequently in data scienc…
disambiguating description: Economists very often work with statistical software that is used to build economic models and conduct econometric analyses. Learning to work with and analyze data is thus an essential skill for young economists. To be competitive as an economist in the job market, demonstrable skills and experience using some of the popular analysis and forecasting software environments are a must.
date posted: 2013-08-13T22:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-06-25T13:24:00Z
language: en
keywords: R
keywords: economics
keywords: data analysis
keywords: econometrics
keywords: software
keywords: STATA
keywords: SPSS
keywords: MATLAB
keywords: statistics
keywords: Python
type: blog
disciplines: mathematics
disciplines: civilengineering
disciplines: softwaredevelopment
disciplines: physics
disciplines: earthscience
disciplines: materialsmetallurgicalengineering
disciplines: chemicalengineering
disciplines: electricalelectronicsengineering
disciplines: chemistry
disciplines: engineeringbusiness
disciplines: generalengineering
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: environmentalenergyengineering
disciplines: datascience
disciplines: informatics
disciplines: astronomy
disciplines: engineeringdesign
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: management
disciplines: econometricsstatisticsquantitative
disciplines: mechanicalengineering
disciplines: statistics
disciplines: biotech
discipline labels: Mathematics
discipline labels: Civil Engineering
discipline labels: Software Development
discipline labels: Physics
discipline labels: Earth Science
discipline labels: Materials & Metallurgical Engineering
discipline labels: Chemical Engineering
discipline labels: Electrical & Electronics Engineering
discipline labels: Chemistry
discipline labels: Engineering & Business
discipline labels: General Engineering
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Environmental & Energy Engineering
discipline labels: Data Science
discipline labels: Computer Science
discipline labels: Astronomy
discipline labels: Engineering Design
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: Econometrics, Statistics and Quantitative Methods (JEL C)
discipline labels: Mechanical Engineering
discipline labels: Statistics
discipline labels: Biotech / Biomedical Engineering

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)
type: CreativeWork
title: Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)
description: The PPF is often defined for two different goods that utilize the same inputs in their production; this can be shown on the vertical and horizontal axes of a graph. Moving further along one axis means the economy produces more of that good. To create the PPF, you need to know the opportunity cost of producing each good. In other words, you must know how many units of good A you must give up in order to produce one more unit of good B at all levels of total production. To demonstrate with a simple example, let’s consider an economy that produces food and electronics. Let’s further assume that the only production inputs in this economy are the labor hours required to produce the goods. The economy’s production can be represented in the following table: Food Electronics Units produced per labor hour 10 5 If the economy has a total endowment of 100 labor hours, then it can produce 1000 units of food or 500 units of electronics by spending all 100 hours on either good. These two points become the intercepts on the PPF graph. If we graph food on the horizontal axis and electronics on the vertical axis, then the x-intercept will be 1000 and the y-intercept will be 500. Now, let’s assume that the amount of labor hours required to produce these goods is constant at all levels of production. That is, regardless of whether we make 1 unit of food or 1000 units of food, it always takes one labor hour to make 10 units of food. Likewise for electronics. Taken together, these facts will produce the following PPF: Figure 1: A simple economy's PPF One useful aspect of the PPF is that it helps us easily see if an economy has reached a Pareto efficient outcome. At every point on the line shown, the economy is using all of its available labor hours to produce some mix of the two goods. This is efficient in an economic productivity sense. But, every non-negative point under the line is also a possible product mix. The problem with them is that they are inefficient. This is because the ec…
disambiguating description: The Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) is a graph that can be used to describe the production of an economy in macroeconomics, or production decisions by a household or firm in microeconomics. It shows possible combinations of two (or more) products that an economy can make, in one simple graph – hence the name.
date posted: 2022-08-19T13:15:18Z
date modified: 2026-06-29T10:34:40Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: production possibilities frontier
keywords: ppf
keywords: Sean McClung
type: terms
disciplines: microeconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Microeconomics (JEL D)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

The INOMICS Questionnaire: Fratzscher vs Tooze
type: Article
title: The INOMICS Questionnaire: Fratzscher vs Tooze
description: The titular economic historian, Adam Tooze, was born in London, spending parts of his childhood in England and in Heidelberg, Germany. He earned his BA in Economics from King’s College Cambridge in 1989, and then began his postgraduate studies in Berlin. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics in 1996. From then until 2009, Adam taught at the University of Cambridge. He was then appointed to the Barton M. Biggs Professorship at Yale University. Adam joined his current position in Columbia University’s history department in the summer of 2015. He is well-known for his economic histories (including The Wages of Destruction) which have won him several awards, including the Wolfson History Prize and the Lionel Gelber Prize. Marcel Fratzscher: What is your favorite place on earth? Adam Tooze: I thrive on the intensity and hustle of New York City. I love the cultural density of Europe. But my favorite place right now is a lagoon - “The Cut” - between two of the outer islands of the Abacos in the Bahamas. It’s an extraordinary place. Ravishingly beautiful. Creole. Wild. A bit dangerous. The infrastructure is fragile. Sharks and barracudas in the water. Extreme weather. The historic hurricane Dorian which made landfall on the islands on 1-2 September 2019 wiped out the homes of practically everyone else on the island, including a cottage we called our own. We have rebuilt a house in its place. MF: Outside of economics, what occupation would you have if you could be absolutely anything? AT: I left economics to become a historian. So that is part of my answer. As a boy I wanted to be a mechanical engineer. If I had the talent I would wish to be a visual artist. MF: What is the virtue you appreciate the most? AT: Sincerity. MF: Your all-time favorite figure in economics? AT: John Maynard Keynes. MF: Your # 1 economics blog? AT: In the new substack universe it is Matt Klein’s Overshoot. Amongst the earlier generations of blogs Timothy Taylor’s Conversable Econom…
disambiguating description: The following article first appeared in the INOMICS Handbook 2022. Download the INOMICS Handbook Professor Marcel Fratzscher, esteemed macroeconomist and president of the DIW Berlin, once again asks questions about economics and life in general to a peer in the 2022 edition of the INOMICS Handbook Questionnaire. This time, he has the pleasure of being joined by renowned economic historian Adam Tooze, who generously agreed to take the hot seat in this exchange. Thus, the back-and-forth has been dubbed Fratzscher vs. Tooze, as is tradition. What follows is a dive into the beauty of wild places, the gender bias still present in economics, the link between policy makers and central banks, the limits of the search for perfect causality in the social sciences, and even more. Tooze’s perspective is unique and fresh, and is sure to be an interesting read you won’t want to miss.
date posted: 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T11:49:08Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: INOMICS Questionnaire
keywords: Adam Tooze
keywords: Marcel Fratzscher
type: blog
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
disciplines: economicthoughtmethodology
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)
discipline labels: Economic Thought & Methodology (JEL B)