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number of items: 20
total items: 2598
item list element: How Has the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Affected the Academic Sector?
item list element: How has the Economics Job Market Been Affected by the Coronavirus? - Salary Report Introduction
item list element: Who is Responsible for a Shipping Vessel? Ownership and Scrapping
item list element: 5 Books You Should Read Before a Conference
item list element: The Benefits of an Economics Background for an Engineer
item list element: Tradeoff
item list element: How to Survive Your Economics PhD Thesis Defense
item list element: 8 Halloween Costumes for Economists
item list element: Fiscal Policy
item list element: Top Memes All Economists Will Love
item list element: Can Economics Prevent War?
item list element: Tuition Fees at Czech Universities – How and Where to Learn Czech and Study for Free
item list element: Alarming Trend due to COVID-19 – Maritime Piracy on the Rise
item list element: Letters of Reference for UK University Applications
item list element: MBA vs PhD in Economics
item list element: Which countries own the world's largest container ships?
item list element: Most in Demand Jobs in Economics Today
item list element: Additional Courses to Improve Your Prospects in a Career in Economics
item list element: Monetary Policy
item list element: Statistics in Sport
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How Has the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Affected the Academic Sector?
type: Article
title: How Has the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Affected the Academic Sector?
description: But the coronavirus has also affected economic sectors differently. How the pandemic hit the private and academic sectors, for example, has been highlighted by the ongoing INOMICS Salary Survey. The full results will be released in early 2020; however, we can already begin analysing which sectors were most affected. A difference of extent Every sector has been affected in some way, whether that means people having had their hours reduced or having lost their jobs completely. For our study, we designate someone as being affected if they either lost their job, their salary or hours were reduced, a contract was not extended or planned promotion was delayed or cancelled. This doesn’t include workers who have moved to remote working but maintained the same contract. However, the private sector has been hit harder than the public. Nearly half of those working in the private sector - 47% - have had their jobs affected by the pandemic, in comparison with precisely one-third of the public sector. But it’s the academic sector which came out the best according to our survey: only 28% of those working in academia reported having had their hours reduced or having lost their jobs as a result of COVID. Specifically, just 3% of those working in academia have been made redundant. 8% have had their hours reduced, and another 8% have had their salaries reduced. This shows that the academic sector is more resilient to the pandemic than both the public and private. Perhaps this is because many teachers have had to continue teaching even if classes moved online. The Anecdotal Evidence Still, the academic sector has experienced other problems. One of our respondents wrote My promotion is postponed because my research has stalled, I cannot go for visiting research stays in universities and research institutes locally and internationally. And without research, my work has been made redundant as I now do mostly teaching, lecturing and administrative work online from home. Some in the sector …
disambiguating description: Although we’ve been told time and again that the pandemic doesn’t care about who you are, in reality it hasn’t affected everyone equally. Senior Editor William Pearse has already written about how COVID-19 has been harder on those from ethnic minorities and on poorer communities in the UK.
date posted: 2020-11-26T22:59:59Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T14:08:19Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: James Matthew Alston
keywords: salary report 2020
keywords: academia
keywords: academic sector
keywords: student
keywords: professors
keywords: coronavirus
keywords: covid-19
keywords: teaching
keywords: coronavirus covid-19
type: blog
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: healtheducationwelfareeconomics
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Health, Education, and Welfare (JEL I)
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

How has the Economics Job Market Been Affected by the Coronavirus? - Salary Report Introduction
type: Article
title: How has the Economics Job Market Been Affected by the Coronavirus? - Salary Report Introduction
description: INOMICS is in a unique position to survey a broad and engaged subset of economists from a wide range of countries and at a wide variety of career stages. Based on this data, while recognising the limitations of a restricted sample, we are able to make key observations about the overall and regional state of economist salaries, about the extent of gender diversity at different career stages, and about the value of different levels of education in terms of salary later achieved. Over 1,500 economists completed the survey so far, with data collection continuing until the end of December 2020. INOMICS will release the full results of our salary survey in the first half of 2021 as a standalone report. This report will also be slightly different to those we’ve done in the past, in that we also included a section where economists could recount their anecdotal experience of the pandemic. This adds a personal touch to the report. While we work on finalising the results of the overall salary report, in the coming weeks we will discuss some of our preliminary findings from the coronavirus section. This will include commentaries on the geographical discrepancies we found in the severity of the crisis and if and how pre-existing inequalities in the economics job market have been accentuated as a result of the pandemic. Key findings of the salary survey related to the pandemic include: One third of economist jobs have been negatively affected by the Coronavirus Pandemic. This includes being made redundant, having hours or salary reduced, a contract not extended and a scheduled promotion cancelled or delayed. This does not include changes in how people work such as working or teaching from home. 6% of economists said they have lost their job because of the pandemic. Economists in the private sector have been hit harder than those in the public sector or academia. Economists in the Global South have been more affected than those in the Global North. 62% of economists in Africa and …
disambiguating description: In 2020, INOMICS once again carried out its salary survey, examining the state and health of the economics profession worldwide. As in previous years, the survey considered pay, sector, seniority, location, gender and educational background. Our 2020 survey was launched in the spring as cases of coronavirus began to increase exponentially around the world. Consequently, we added new questions related to the coronavirus pandemic to assess the effect of the crisis on economists and economics students.
date posted: 2020-11-23T07:22:24Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T14:09:30Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: salary report 2020
keywords: econ jobs
keywords: coronavirus
keywords: covid-19
keywords: econ jobs market
keywords: 2020
keywords: economics job market
keywords: pandemic
keywords: economics
keywords: salaries
keywords: economics profession
keywords: salary report
keywords: salary survey
type: blog
disciplines: economics
disciplines: macroeconomicsmonetary
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (JEL E)
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Who is Responsible for a Shipping Vessel? Ownership and Scrapping
type: Article
title: Who is Responsible for a Shipping Vessel? Ownership and Scrapping
description: There must be a link between the state on whose behalf the vessel is sailing and the vessel's flag state. But in reality, flag registers, which do not stipulate the registration of shipping companies, benefit from convenient financial benefits and lower taxes. All this is partly regulated by private companies, 'helping' shipowners to change their flag to a more advantageous one when they want to. It also helps shipowners to obtain lower taxes and lighter regulatory burdens. According to UNCTAD data, almost 73% of the world's fleet sail under flags of the states other than the actual owner of the ship. This is why there is a great deal of dissonance between the countries where the real shipowners are located and the flag states exercising regulatory control over the international fleet. Check out our job listings The choice of the flag state where the ship makes her last voyage to be scrapped calls for special attention. In most cases, vessels sail to the beaches of South Asia instead of ship recycling facilities elsewhere. No wonder many end-of-life ships are already wearing the flags of Asian countries. In addition, most of these flags are already blacklisted in the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). These flags also usually indicate poor compliance with international maritime standards. Several of South Asia's beaches offer a 'last voyage' package, which includes quick registration and no nationality requirements to be met. Who benefits? If a ship had to be recycled in European ports in compliance with all the required environmental and toll requirements, it would be quite expensive and disadvantageous for many private companies. According to the data published by the NGO Shipbreaking Platform in 2019, 674 ocean-going vessels and offshore units were sold for scrap metal. Of these ships, 469 large tankers, bunkers, floating platforms, cargo and passenger ships were dismantled. They are mainly delivered to three coast lines: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, acc…
disambiguating description: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates that the primary responsibility for vessels lies with the flag state of the vessel. Consequently, this means that each merchant vessel must be registered under the flag of a specific state. The flag state of the vessel is responsible for the inspection of the vessel and compliance with safety, pollution prevention, crew certification and international standards.
date posted: 2020-11-16T23:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T14:10:26Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: ships
keywords: shipping industry
keywords: freight shipping
type: blog
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: industrialorganization
disciplines: urbanruraltransportationeconomics
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Industrial Organization (JEL L)
discipline labels: Urban, Rural and Transportation Economics (JEL R)

5 Books You Should Read Before a Conference
type: Article
title: 5 Books You Should Read Before a Conference
description: But a good way to contend with this is to be well-read. There are some specific books you can pick up which can help you specifically with speaking publicly and networking. Read on for our list of aforementioned books. INOMICS and our parent company 11 Academia Networks are Amazon Associates, meaning we are a part of their affiliate program. This article contains affiliate links, which means we may earn money through any qualifying purchases made after you click through. However, this is not a sponsored post. 1. Confessions of a Public Speaker - Scott Berkun This funny, light-hearted book is nonetheless full of solid practical advice for successful public speaking and general communication skills. If you're giving a talk at a conference for the first time, or even if you're experienced but you want to brush up on your skills, this book by a professional public speaker can help. With advice that goes beyond giving a successful presentation and into topics like how to deal with a tough audience, combating nerves, and how to be engaging rather than boring, this will help make your talks better and give you confidence. These tips will also help you during smaller speaking events, such as if you're giving a poster presentation at the conference. 2. Never Eat Alone And Other Secrets to Success, One Relationship at a Time - Keith Ferrazzi Although this book is aimed at business professionals, it is packed full of advice on networking which will be helpful for academics too. Networking is one of the biggest advantages of conferences, and yet it is something that many academics struggle with and even feel embarrassed about. This book encourages you to build your network by creating connections with others with whom you have interests and work in common, rather than trying to network with absolutely everyone. This targeted advice can make networking at a conference more fun and less alien. 3. English for Academic Correspondence and Socializing - Adrian Wallwork If you're a no…
disambiguating description: Networking is one of the most important parts of a conference, but lots of people find it hard to engage with other people. At conferences it's even more difficult: you're talking with so many people, many of whom are successful businesspeople or established academics.
date posted: 2018-09-10T07:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:13:27Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: keynote
keywords: James Matthew Alston
keywords: conference
keywords: academia
keywords: speech
keywords: Books
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

The Benefits of an Economics Background for an Engineer
type: Article
title: The Benefits of an Economics Background for an Engineer
description: Browse our programs listings for more opportunities Mixing subjects I was advised that economics was the most applicable choice for starting to understand certain concepts within business. Indeed, I was able to learn concepts in both micro and macroeconomic theory, as well as to complete courses within the more strictly business-related commerce program. One of the benefits of an engineer learning economics is the connection to mathematics. Engineering students complete a wide range of math and statistics courses during their studies, so most (if not all) math-oriented economic concepts were easier to grasp when introduced. The best of both worlds While the overlap in material between the two programs proved to be of clear and significant benefit in terms of the workload, the diversity provided both the greatest challenge and the greatest reward. For example, in my final year of study, I had to complete a real-life, multidisciplinary design project for my engineering degree. In the same time-frame, I was also involved in several in-class discussions about current economic trends. This contrast made me think from multiple perspectives, broadening my understanding of what economic and financial factors should be considered in engineering projects and vice-versa. It is this standpoint where an early leg-up in economic concepts is fundamental for an engineer, not only in order to have a management perspective, but also to develop a business perspective: technical knowledge is key, but an ability to consider the current and forecasted market trends may be just as important when completing more complex projects over longer periods of time. For example, in my current field of Aerospace Engineering, predicting the economic trends over the next 10, 25 and 50 years of anticipated technological advancements is a fundamental requirement for all companies in the field. In hindsight As I look back, I fully recommend any engineering students wishing to study for an MBA or simply a…
disambiguating description: Ever since I was a kid, I dreamed of becoming an engineer. From playing with LEGO to being an active member of my high-school robotics team, I loved building things and breaking them down to learn how they worked. This being said, I have kept an open mind about a position in management down the road and from this perspective it was important to me to prepare for a career in both business and engineering. My answer: a dual degree program whereby I completed a BA in economics alongside a BSc in Mechanical Engineering.
date posted: 2015-12-11T23:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:17:32Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: Engineer
keywords: engineering
keywords: mba
keywords: Dual Degree
keywords: Business
type: advice
disciplines: engineeringbusiness
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: generalengineering
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Engineering & Business
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: General Engineering
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Tradeoff
type: CreativeWork
title: Tradeoff
description: We are all constantly facing tradeoffs in decisions we must make. For example, we’re considering tradeoffs when choosing between purchasing a new mobile phone or saving the money to pay for the next holiday. Or when deciding between staying up longer for drinks with friends or going home to rest before an exam. All of these situations are similar: no matter which decision we finally make, it will bring us closer to reaching one goal. But at the same time, it will make reaching another, competing goal harder. Let’s consider the first situation mentioned above to think about the tradeoff between saving and spending money. The tradeoff is the following: if you decide to buy the new phone, you will have to use some of your savings that were reserved for your holiday. If you choose to save the money for the trip, you will have to use your old mobile phone. Clearly, no matter what you decide, you will come closer to one goal (having a new phone or going on a special vacation). But at the same time it will become harder for you to reach the other goal. It’s important to note that these goals must be competing to truly be considered tradeoffs. In this case, since both goals cost money, using your money to reach one of the goals makes it more difficult to reach the other goal because both draw from the same resource. Scarce resources like time and money tend to be the limiting factors for many decisions involving tradeoffs. However, some decisions would not truly be considered tradeoffs. For example, suppose you decide to go to the park in the morning and watch a movie in the evening. There was not a tradeoff considered when reaching that decision, because neither event competed with the other for time, and both were free so they did not cost money. Instead, a tradeoff would be present if you considered going out to eat with friends instead of watching the movie. Tradeoffs in the economy Political decision-makers also face tradeoffs with decisions involving different economi…
disambiguating description: A tradeoff refers to a situation where in order to come closer to reaching one objective, you must sacrifice another. In other words, when people or societies are facing a tradeoff, two or more goals are at odds and cannot be satisfied simultaneously. Any progress towards one of the goals is (at least partially) offset by a deterioration of the prospects of reaching another goal.
date posted: 2020-11-09T13:58:56Z
date modified: 2023-08-07T19:18:06Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Mirjam Sarah Salish
keywords: tradeoff
type: terms
disciplines: microeconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
discipline labels: Microeconomics (JEL D)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences

How to Survive Your Economics PhD Thesis Defense
type: Article
title: How to Survive Your Economics PhD Thesis Defense
description: Preparation before your defense The best way to get comfortable with your defense is to practise your presentation plenty of times. If you can, find a large room which is similar to the room you'll use, and practise presenting to your friends or colleagues. Run through your entire presentation, including slides and questions at the end, and familiarise yourself with the format. It can also be helpful to watch other people's defenses so you know what to expect. Attend a few defenses in your department to get a feel for the atmosphere and style which is appropriate. Remember to check in with your supervisor and thesis committee in the weeks before the defense, and find out if there are any particular concerns that they have or issues which they want you to address. Also talk to the admin staff and find out the details about which room you will be presenting in, what computer or audiovisual equipment is available, and how many people are likely to attend. Either on the day of your defense or a few days before, go to the room in which you'll present and check that you can load and display your slides. Pay particular attention to whether your images, tables, and graphs are displayed correctly. <11an>limit:3;categories:Postdoc;disciplines:Economics</11an> Presenting your defense You want your presentation to be smooth and well-practised, but not to be robotic. Don't try to memorise your presentation exactly, and definitely don't read straight from notes, but rather let yourself talk in a natural and conversational way, and use flashcards rather than a script. People tend to talk faster when they're nervous, so take a deep breath and try to slow yourself down while you're presenting. When you practise, be sure to time yourself, and make sure you're not too far over or under your time limit. It will be helpful for both you and your audience if your slides are minimalist, with not too much text on them. Have a few key points on each slide which you can look at to remind you …
disambiguating description: Once you've handed in your thesis, you still have one big challenge to overcome before you're finished with your PhD: the thesis defense. This is an opportunity for you to present your research publicly and to answer questions about it from your thesis committee. The process can be tough going, especially if you've never had to do anything like this before. That being said, there are a few ways to make sure you survive – and even perform very well in – your thesis defense.
date posted: 2018-11-15T13:16:19Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:19:38Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: study advice
keywords: study tips
keywords: phd student
keywords: PhD Students
keywords: defense
keywords: phd thesis
keywords: PhD
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

8 Halloween Costumes for Economists
type: Article
title: 8 Halloween Costumes for Economists
description: Halloween is probably one of the best occasions to demonstrate how seriously you take yourself (or not!) and how far your creativity can go to show it. If you think that Halloween is below your intellectual level, well, they say that even Paul Krugman threw one economics-themed party, where “two guests came as Asian tigers, several came as hedge funds, one woman came as capital, dressed as a column..." Browse our PhD listings for more opportunities In keeping with the season, we have put together a short list of ideas, collected from various econ-related source (like a Halloween Edition from Economists Do It With Models), which may be useful if you are attending a Halloween party full of like-minded economists. 1. EconoTroll Take a look at this well-known post from Noah Smith about EconoTrolls and you may be surprised by the amount of ideas for Halloween costumes. In his witty blog post from last year, not only has Noah categorized all possible species of trolls in the econ blogosphere, but also explicitly illustrated them. Don’t miss out on the comments either. 2. Your favourite “evil” economist It might sound easy, but creating a good costume of a real person is an art that is hard to master. Although anyone can buy a mask of Ben Bernanke, only a few would be able to depict his persona in an allegoric way. To succeed: think of the most “infamous” policies or just a tiny character detail anyone would recognize about that person and play around them. 3. Economics theory & concepts There is no need to be creative if the great thinkers have already done it for you. Any economics textbook has a whole host of ideas for Halloween costumes – just read all the definitions literally. Invisible hand, indifference curve, price elasticity, budget constraint … it is a list without end. 4. Financial crisis related Financial crisis has become a buzzword, referred to by individuals regardless of profession and status. So if your Halloween party-mates happen to come from outside of…
disambiguating description: In keeping with the season, we have put together a short list of ideas, collected from various economics-related source, which may be useful if you are attending a Halloween party full of like-minded economists.
date posted: 2018-10-25T23:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T14:11:56Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: Jokes
keywords: Blogs
keywords: Halloween
keywords: Humour
type: blog
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Fiscal Policy
type: CreativeWork
title: Fiscal Policy
description: Let’s first see how an increase in government spending can accelerate economic growth. Part of the aggregate demand in an economy comes directly from the money spent by the government. Like private households and firms, governments themselves can buy goods and services and participate in the labor market. For instance, when governments set out to construct roads or other infrastructure, they hire private companies to do so, putting government money back into the economy directly (and increasing aggregate demand). Further, when governments attempt to hire new employees and workers to perform different services, they increase the demand for labor. If a government increases spending on nationally produced goods and services - such as construction of the aforementioned roads - this will translate into a direct increase in aggregate demand. Firms will raise production and hire additional workers to meet this demand. Thus, an increase in government spending leads to an increase in output (GDP) and a decrease in unemployment. One important question is by how much output will increase if the government decides to spend an additional million euros. Of course, aggregate output will increase by at least the same amount (in this case one million euros), but that’s not all. The initial stimulus will generate an increase in income which in turn will increase demand. From there, the production will rise by more than that initial increase in government spending. Why is that the case? Firms will sell more because of the increased demand and make higher revenues. Part of this revenue they will keep as profits and part will be used to pay their workers. Hence, the incomes of the workers and business owners increase. Because of increased demand, firms might be induced to hire new workers. Then, some workers who were formerly unemployed will gain a job and an income. They can therefore buy more goods and services. This in turn increases again the income in certain sectors and thereby ag…
disambiguating description: Government authorities use taxes and/or government spending to influence the economy of a country. This is known as fiscal policy. The government can use various tools to influence a country's economy if it thinks it's needed. During recessions or in times of economic crisis, for instance, production is low and unemployment rates are high. To stimulate economic growth the government may use tax cuts or an increase in government spending. These types of measures are known as expansionary fiscal policy.
date posted: 2020-10-28T11:29:21Z
date modified: 2024-10-01T18:30:34Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Mirjam Sarah Salish
keywords: Fiscal Policy
type: terms
disciplines: publiceconomicspolicy
disciplines: economics
disciplines: macroeconomicsmonetary
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: finance
discipline labels: Public Economics & Economic Policy (JEL H)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (JEL E)
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Finance

Top Memes All Economists Will Love
type: Article
title: Top Memes All Economists Will Love
description: Browse our PhD program listings for economics 1. Cookie Monster teaches you about supply and demand It's so much easier to understand the basic principals of economics when cookies are involved, isn't it? This is the kind of Sesame Street content that we are in support of. From https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/15058979980424165/ 2. Opportunity costs we can all understand We all remember our student days: grassy campuses, intellectual stimulation, and the eternal question of whether to force yourself out of bed and away from Netflix and get to class. It's opportunity costs in action. From https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/15058979980424089/ 3. The truth of being an economist We've all had the experience of trying to explain what it is that we actually do at parties. The reactions you get when you tell people that you are an economist can be... wide ranging. That's why we can all sympathise with the image below: Photo credit: Fgcu.edu 4. The free trade debate rages on The ethics and effectiveness of free trade is surely not a debate that we've going to solve any time soon. So why not make debate points through the endlessly eloquent world of memes? From https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ac/d4/f4/acd4f482eb52da528fb773ae31f12629.png 5. Ash makes full use of comparative advantage When you've caught them all, you've cornered the market. Pokemon trainers understand that better than most. From https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ee/6f/4b/ee6f4b07247287e29d3f70dc867c5280.jpg 6. The conundrum of internet shopping Do you really need that new sofa? Those new shoes? That gadget you've been coveting? You just looked at the online shopping page briefly, but it's on sale. Maybe you should snap it up now while it's on offer? From https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/15058979979756752/ 7. We've all been there We all know that the candy you eat after eating 50 other candies doesn't taste as good as the first one. And yet... we can't seem to put the bag down. Bam! That's diminishing marginal returns.…
disambiguating description: Economics is serious business, but sometimes we all need a break! And that's when the internet is there: to sympathise, to commiserate, and to make us smile at the end of a tough day. Fortunately the stereotype of economists being humourless is not true – there are plenty of fun and funny economists who are out there sharing their humour. From students to senior professors, there are memes on the internet to express all aspects of the study and practice of economics. Below you'll find 10 of our favourite memes that we know all economists will love!
date posted: 2018-08-16T13:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:27:37Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: meme
keywords: economics memes
keywords: Georgina Torbet
keywords: economic memes
keywords: memes
keywords: funny
keywords: funny meme
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Can Economics Prevent War?
type: Article
title: Can Economics Prevent War?
description: Yes, because economic sanctions provide an alternative to military action One of the primary arguments for economics as a method of preventing war is that it provides alternative mechanisms for nation states to respond to each other without necessitating military involvement. Both nation-states and international bodies such as the UN have tools for censuring other nations that are behaving dangerously, without having to engage military tactics as a first step. For example, if a nation is behaving aggressively towards its neighbours and threatening to destabilize an area, then other nations can impose economic sanctions as a first step rather than sending in troops straight away. Economic sanctions can include trade barriers, higher tariffs, or restrictions on financial transactions. In more serious cases, an embargo or trade ban can prevent trade between the nations entirely. The nation which is the subject of the sanctions will certainly experience a drop in trade, which will negatively impact their growth and development. Additionally, they may come to be seen as a pariah on the international stage. For these reasons, a nation may decide to curb its aggressive behaviour in order for sanctions to be lifted, all without risking the loss of life or military operations. Yes, because global economic interdependence necessitates peace Connected to the use of economic sanctions is the concept of economic interdependence. The idea is that as our world becomes increasingly globalized, nations rely on each other more and more. States rely on each other even for essential tasks like food production, where large quantities of basic foodstuffs may be imported from other locations around the globe. Certainly, this is true in business, when huge multinational corporations have offices or points along their supply chain in many different countries. This is termed economic interdependence. This means that for both the political leaders of nations and for many business people livin…
disambiguating description: Is economics a useful tool for maintaining peace? Can nations use economic policies to avoid war? With globalization an established fact of modern politics, this question is more important than ever. In this piece, we'll consider arguments both for and against.
date posted: 2018-11-26T12:19:49Z
date modified: 2026-07-03T14:14:05Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: peace
keywords: Georgina Torbet
keywords: war
keywords: sanctions
type: blog
disciplines: politics
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: economicthoughtmethodology
discipline labels: Politics
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Economic Thought & Methodology (JEL B)

Tuition Fees at Czech Universities – How and Where to Learn Czech and Study for Free
type: Article
title: Tuition Fees at Czech Universities – How and Where to Learn Czech and Study for Free
description: Browse our programs in the Czech Republic Study in Czech for free Have you ever considered learning the Czech language? Knowing Czech has much more advantages than easier communication with the locals! Whatever you nationality is, if you study a degree programme taught entirely in the Czech language at a public or state university in the Czech Republic, there are no tuition fees, according to the country's Higher Education Act. This Act says that the foreign students have the same rights and duties as their Czech colleagues. The students can only expect paying the fees that are connected with their studies. These are administrative fees related to the entrance procedure or fees for exceeding the standard length of studies by more than one year. Programmes in foreign languages are available The offer for international students at Czech universities is expanding and there are 1,000 accredited study programmes in English offered at present. Should a Czech public or state university offer degree programmes carried out in foreign languages, it sets tuition fees for these study programmes. Even if you opt for studies in foreign language instead of a free-tuition public higher education, the costs will be lower when compared to other countries with an equally good educational reputation. The tuition fees differ from 0 - 22,350 USD per year and the amount depends on the relevant institution and study programme. Studying at private higher education institutions is always paid, no matter what the teaching language is and it varies with every institution. Czech language for foreigners Foreign students who wish to enrol in a Czech taught study programme must prove the adequate knowledge of the language and pass the entrance exams in the Czech language just like Czech applicants. If you don't know how and where to start learning Czech, you can find some useful links at the Study in the Czech Republic website. For example, you can register for one of the year-long preparatory cou…
disambiguating description: More than 43.000 foreign students are currently studying at universities in the Czech Republic. Many of them don't have to pay tuition fees, because they are enrolled in Czech taught degree programmes and therefore they study under the same conditions as Czech students do. While it might be difficult right now to move during the pandemic, it's always worth keeping yourself informed of what your future options are.
date posted: 2017-06-14T09:33:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:31:12Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: Czech Republic
keywords: tuition fee
keywords: Study Abroad
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Alarming Trend due to COVID-19 – Maritime Piracy on the Rise
type: Article
title: Alarming Trend due to COVID-19 – Maritime Piracy on the Rise
description: It is more difficult for poorer countries to fight piracy, as the global pandemic has further weakened their economies. In 2019, it seemed to everyone that there was a decline in maritime piracy, with the lowest number of attacks in the world in 25 years. However, this year showed the opposite. The global pandemic did not weaken the occupation, but allowed it to flourish again. This, in turn, opened up new opportunities for maritime piracy. Due to restrictions, low trade and diseases, there are fewer crew members on board. Reduced global consumer spending means a drop in trade, which gives companies less revenue to provide greater protection on board ships, such as armaments or other equipment against attacks. As a result, ships are likely to become an easier target for sea pirates. Check out our job listings Profile of a pirate from our century Nowadays, pirates do not sail with big ships, do not wear tricorn hats like in movies and do not fly pirate flags. Modern sea pirates travel in small high-speed motorboats. Their goal is to stop quickly and rob a slower ship. Pirates are usually well-armed with firearms. The pirates aim to hijack parts, oil, crew members' personal valuables, and communication equipment - anything that can later be sold on the black market for money. In more severe cases, pirates take the ship's crew hostage for later ransom. One third of pirate attacks take place on large container ships and tankers. This type of attack is usually planned in advance, but ships are observed and tracked. One of the reasons for robbery is that criminals need resources and weapons for their fights on land, which is why ships passing by or nearby are robbed. Which countries are affected? A lot of maritime piracy affects poor countries with weak economies, weak leaders, poverty and official corruption. These include South America, Venezuela, Brazil, West Africa, Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen, Guinea, etc. These countries are also experiencing a particularly high outbrea…
disambiguating description: Speaking of current issues under the influence of COVID-19, events on the water, or sea, which is another parallel world with its written and unwritten laws, are somewhat undeservedly forgotten. Looking at the latest data, we need to talk about a very worrying trend over the last year. Although global maritime piracy is not as high as between 2009 and 2012, in 2020 the number of pirate attacks and attempts has increased by 24% compared to 2019.
date posted: 2020-10-07T10:31:04Z
date modified: 2026-07-07T09:28:17Z
language: en
keywords: piracy
keywords: coronavirus covid-19
keywords: maritime piracy
type: blog
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: laweconomics
disciplines: economicdevelopmentgrowth
disciplines: healtheducationwelfareeconomics
disciplines: urbanruraltransportationeconomics
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Law and Economics (JEL K)
discipline labels: Economic Development, Innovation and Growth (JEL O)
discipline labels: Health, Education, and Welfare (JEL I)
discipline labels: Urban, Rural and Transportation Economics (JEL R)

Letters of Reference for UK University Applications
type: Article
title: Letters of Reference for UK University Applications
description: Most students ask for letters of reference from their thesis advisor, academic advisor or professors with whom they have taken multiple courses or who are very familiar with their work. Such a close relationship will allow for a thorough and well-written letter. If you do not have more than one professor who you feel would be qualified or willing to write a positive letter on your behalf, it is also acceptable to ask employers or other mentors to act as a referee. If you chose this route, it is advisable to include an explanatory note detailing the grounds for your selection. Browse our UK economics programs listings here Content of the Letter The letter of reference should be no more than one page in length and should explicitly reference your overall work ethic, career interests, research skills and ability to meet deadlines. Your referee should explain their relationship to you and highlight important milestones or achievements from your academic career. Moreover, a good reference letter offers clear insight into why you are interested in the course to which you are applying and how it would fit into your academic trajectory. Your referee should be able to comment specifically on your level of engagement with material, thereby emphasizing your particular strengths. Your reference letter might indicate that you sought out extra discussion during office hours, highlighting your added commitment to go above and beyond what is required of you. Additionally, if your referee is familiar with your extracurricular work, including positions in clubs, teams or even student jobs, it is perfectly acceptable for them to mention such engagements if they are relevant to the course. If you engaged in voluntary work, it is always positive for a referee to mention such an endeavour. By referencing such activities, your referee is showing that he or she is familiar with you as a person, while also highlighting your numerous positive attributes and qualifications. <11an>limit:2;cate…
disambiguating description: Regardless of where you are applying, nearly every course requires at least one, if not two or three letters of reference. Such documents are sometimes also referred to as letters of recommendation. In general, it is best for reference letters to be written by professors with whom you have worked closely, so they can offer detailed insight into you and your work.
date posted: 2014-07-04T22:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-06-26T12:11:06Z
language: en
keywords: applying
keywords: study advice
keywords: Applications
keywords: UK
keywords: university
keywords: Letters of Reference
keywords: tips
type: advice
disciplines: marketing
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: education
disciplines: law
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: psychology
disciplines: management
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Marketing
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Education
discipline labels: Law
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Psychology
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

MBA vs PhD in Economics
type: Article
title: MBA vs PhD in Economics
description: MBA and PhD programs have the potential to transform your career. A PhD allows you to become a professor and pursue a lifetime of research while an MBA can open up job opportunities at the top of business and drastically increase your salary expectations. No wonder it’s a difficult decision for many people. INOMICS as the leading career website for economists wants to help you make the right decision. Therefore, we are going to run through the key factors in this decision: career direction, requirements and cost. For a quick overview check out our video on just this topic! Requirements Most Master of Business Administration programs require that you have at least two years of work experience. PhD programs meanwhile normally require that you have already attained a master’s degree or have an exceptional bachelor transcript. Obviously, your academic past will shape your choice between a doctorate and an MBA. A good tip is to read some actual MBA and PhD program overviews and their requirements. Transform a theoretical question into a practical choice. You can find hundreds or the latest MBA and PhD course right here on the INOMICS website. <11an>limit:3;categories:PhD Programs;disciplines:Economics</11an> Career Direction The key question is what ultimate career direction do you want to go in? Ask yourself this question, would you like to end up working in academia or as a researcher? If the answer is yes, then you should start by looking at PhDs. A doctorate is a pre-requisite for nearly all academic jobs. If no, then an MBA or another career training opportunity will be the better choice. Taking a PhD can be a demanding process. It takes years of hard work with little immediate financial reward. You need to love doing research and have a genuine interest in what you are studying. If you are looking at a PhD purely in terms of future salary maximisation then best look elsewhere. There are a number of pros and cons to a career in research. But there is more to life th…
disambiguating description: Every year thousands of economics students decide to continue education, either straight away after graduation or after a year or two of “real world” work experience. Often at this point comes the question: should I pursue a PhD or enroll in a Master of Business Administration program?
date posted: 2013-09-01T22:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:32:54Z
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: phd student advice
keywords: business
keywords: mba vs phd
keywords: mba
keywords: phd
keywords: finance
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
disciplines: businesseconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)
discipline labels: Business Economics (JEL M)

Which countries own the world's largest container ships?
type: Article
title: Which countries own the world's largest container ships?
description: Leader – Panama According to the available global data, Panama currently has the largest number of ships with a capacity of more than 20,000 TEU, with at least 20 such ships, and about 10 more ships with a capacity of up to 20,000 TEU. This is quite a triumph in the international container shipping arena. Why is that? Panama is a transcontinental country in Central and South America. The Panama Canal is an economically important geographical location for the country, generating millions of dollars in tolls for the national economy and providing huge employment, as well as a significant share of Panama's GDP. Its economy has grown steadily over the past decade, making Panama the country with the highest GDP per capita in the region. The transfer of the canal and military facilities to the United States has led to major construction projects. The expansion of the Panama Canal, the large foreign and domestic investment and its strong logistics industry make sea freight to Panama a safe investment, as it is generally assessed by risk rating agencies. In total, Panama has five seaport areas: Panamas City, Manzanillo, Balboa, Colon, and Cristobal. These seaports export and import $16,000 and $17,000 million, which is the annual value of Panama's foreign trade. Due to its central geographic location, Panama's economy is mainly based on a well-developed service sector, in particular trade and tourism, which are important and growing sectors. Therefore, Panama is considered a high-income country. In addition, in politics, Panama is one of the founders of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM. The world's largest container ships are also owned by Hong Kong and Denmark Hong Kong is the next largest container ship leader in the world. At least 17 of the world's largest container ships are owned by Hong Kong, but both Hong Kong and China are among the shipping operators of these ships. Hong Kong is one of the most densel…
disambiguating description: According to the International Chamber of Shipping, more than 50,000 container ships are currently active in the oceans. These are large vessels that carry cargo in closed containers. The capacity of a container ship is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU), while a vessel with a capacity of more than 20,000 TEU is defined as a very large container ship.
date posted: 2020-09-29T08:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-07T09:29:44Z
language: en
keywords: container industry
keywords: shipping industry
keywords: freight transport
type: blog
disciplines: politics
disciplines: internationaleconomics
disciplines: publiceconomicspolicy
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: business
disciplines: laweconomics
disciplines: urbanruraltransportationeconomics
discipline labels: Politics
discipline labels: International Economics (JEL F)
discipline labels: Public Economics & Economic Policy (JEL H)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Business
discipline labels: Law and Economics (JEL K)
discipline labels: Urban, Rural and Transportation Economics (JEL R)

Most in Demand Jobs in Economics Today
type: Article
title: Most in Demand Jobs in Economics Today
description: Financial analyst The job of a financial analyst is to research and create reports on the status of companies, industries, stocks, or other financial products. These analyses usually consist of statistical tests using the advanced quantitative skills that economics majors have often acquired. But in addition to mathematical and statistical skills, such work also requires the ability to write reports and to convey this mathematical information in a clear way. This is a skill which economists tend to have more practice in than mathematicians or hard scientists, so the job is a good fit. As long as there is a market for financial products and investments, there will be a need for financial analysts so this is a job that will be in demand for the foreseeable future. Browse our analyst job listings Actuary Actuaries most often work in the field of insurance, and their job is to create models which will determine how likely it is that a given event will happen: fires, earthquakes, accidental deaths, natural deaths, businesses failing, and more. The idea is to quantify how much risk there is of a particular event occurring so that insurance companies can use this information to set the costs of their coverage. Like working as a financial analyst, this role also requires exceptional quantitative skills, although it has less of an emphasis on written reports. The insurance industry is one of the more stable industries over the long term, so this job will continue to be in high demand. Auditor An auditor works to check and verify the financial statements of companies to ensure that they have paid the correct taxes and that their finances are in good order. This requires skills in quantitative analysis, but even more so it requires recognising patterns and identifying outlying or suspicious data points. As economics researchers often focus on analysing patterns, this is a task they are well suited to. Auditing is important for all big companies and will be especially important…
disambiguating description: When it comes to choosing a career path, pragmatic people know that they shouldn't select a job purely based on how interesting they find it. In order to have a stable, long-term career, the job path chosen should be based on the needs of the market as well as the interests and skills of the individual. For this reason, we've rounded up some potential jobs for economists which are highly in demand today.
date posted: 2018-09-11T11:00:44Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:34:11Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: in-demand
keywords: economics
keywords: job advice
keywords: jobs
keywords: auditor
keywords: analyst
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: generaleconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)

Additional Courses to Improve Your Prospects in a Career in Economics
type: Article
title: Additional Courses to Improve Your Prospects in a Career in Economics
description: From business to programming to statistics, there are plenty of areas which can help you improve your chances of getting a job and widen your skillset more generally, if you've got the money and time to enrol on one. Of course, not everyone will be able to attend these courses due to aforementioned money and time limitations; however, those who are able to will find that improvement in these areas will greatly help your career prospects, and of course, if one looks to websites like Coursera and Udemy, many introductory and intermediate courses can be found for free. But which are the best areas to improve upon? Browse our course listings to help maximise your career prospects Business and finance As there is a great deal of crossover between economics and business in the job market, you can widen the potential pool of jobs to which you can apply by taking some units in business or finance. You might have such units as part of your course, or you may be able to take units from the Business Studies department in addition to your regular units. You could consider studying topics like management, marketing, leadership, or accounting, all of which can give you an edge when it comes to applying for jobs and will be useful when you start work too. Moreover, courses on business and finance are easy to find online, often for free, especially for beginners. Programming and IT You probably already have basic IT skills like online research, word processing, using spreadsheets, and perhaps using databases. Improving these skills, though, particularly alongside your studies, can be extremely useful in all sorts of jobs. Even if you're not hugely technical, you can can find some IT skills which you can learn – for example, HTML is easy to learn and being able to build basic websites will be useful to many employers. On top of this, basic coding courses, and even coding which takes you to the intermediate and advanced levels, can often be found online. Bear in mind that coding is l…
disambiguating description: If you're doing an economics degree and thinking about ways to maximise your career prospects once you graduate, there are lots of courses outside the realm of economics for you to choose from.
date posted: 2016-09-22T10:19:54Z
date modified: 2026-07-06T13:35:08Z
language: en
keywords: economics
keywords: Jobs
keywords: Degree
keywords: Courses
keywords: boost
keywords: Career
keywords: job prospect
type: advice
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: econometricsstatisticsquantitative
disciplines: generaleconomics
disciplines: businesseconomics
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Econometrics, Statistics and Quantitative Methods (JEL C)
discipline labels: General Economics (JEL A)
discipline labels: Business Economics (JEL M)

Monetary Policy
type: CreativeWork
title: Monetary Policy
description: According to some economic theories, changes in the money supply affect investment and consequently economic growth. Economists who subscribe to Keynesian or monetarist theories believe that increases in the money supply foster investment and spending, which results in higher production and lower unemployment. At the same, though, increases in money supply raise inflation. The same is true in reverse for the opposite situation: a decrease in the money supply dampens investment and spending, which leads to a decrease in production and higher unemployment, while at the same time lowering inflation. Students should note that classical economists, however, may disagree with these views and assert that the money supply does not affect real economic variables, a theory known as monetary neutrality. This article ignores the classical viewpoint and considers monetary policy as it is typically introduced in macroeconomics courses. The role of the central bank So, how does the central bank influence the money supply? Central banks directly control the monetary base. But, they cannot completely control the entire supply of money since the monetary base only forms part of the money supply. Central banks have three main instruments available to influence the money supply of a country: the discount rate, open market operations, and the reserve requirement. The discount rate Readers may already be familiar with the idea that central banks “set” interest rates. But, central banks cannot do this directly; rather, they use the discount rate to influence interest rates in the economy. The discount rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks can take out a loan from the central bank. It is an important macroeconomic variable that has cascading effects for all other interest rates in the economy. Banks typically borrow money from the central bank when they don’t have enough liquid assets on hand to pay some unexpected obligation (i.e., withdrawal requests from customers) or to s…
disambiguating description: Monetary policy refers to the set of policies that monetary authorities such as central banks use to influence the money supply of a country and thereby economic activity.
date posted: 2020-09-22T07:57:14Z
date modified: 2024-02-06T14:33:52Z
language: en
keywords: Mirjam Sarah Salish
keywords: Monetary Policy
keywords: Sean McClung
type: terms
disciplines: publiceconomicspolicy
disciplines: economics
disciplines: macroeconomicsmonetary
disciplines: socialscience
discipline labels: Public Economics & Economic Policy (JEL H)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (JEL E)
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences

Statistics in Sport
type: Article
title: Statistics in Sport
description: Although referencing football – specifically, the English variety - the sentiment was also thought applicable to sport more generally. Because eye-catching qualities like creativity and flair are difficult to quantify, the consensus was that judgement of sporting prowess was best left to those well-versed in said sport - in the majority of cases, former players. Certainly, the very notion that statisticians had anything to contribute in terms of team selection, acquisition, or even strategy was given little consideration. Statistical Analysis, the Roots In the UK, this began to change in the 1990s, when - as documented in the New Statesmen - undergrads at Lancaster University analysed, in-depth, goal-scoring probability in a hypothetical football match. While rudimentary in its technique, the analysis attracted the attention of more senior statisticians, namely Stuart Coles, who then expanded on the students' findings. His resultant work was to have far-reaching consequences. Across the pond, a similar development was already underway. This one, however, was to be even more transformative, radically altering the way certain sports, particularly baseball, were conceived. Owing to its easily isolated ‘one-on-one’ contests - pitcher v batter, for example - baseball lends itself well to statistical analysis. Indeed, the use of sabermetrics, ‘the empirical statistical analysis of baseball’, has been employed in some capacity ever since the sport was first professionalised. Its current use, though, both its universality and sophisticated nature, has its roots in Billy Beane’s tenure as General Manager (GM) of the Oakland Athletics, and his now much-famed ‘Moneyball Effect’. The 'Moneyball' Effect As GM of the (relatively) cash-strapped Oakland A’s, Beane’s innovative approach was the perfect manifestation of necessity being the mother of invention. With no way to meet compete with the spending power of their deep-pocketed rivals, Beane adopted an analytical, ‘sabermetric’…
disambiguating description: ‘Chance dominates the game’ concluded C. Reep and B. Benjamin in their 1968 study ‘Skill and Chance in Association Football’ - and not without consequence. Until recently, this statement stood as received wisdom, the phrase deemed self-evident, its veracity left unquestioned. Predictions based on statistics were a folly they said, the game was ‘too fluid, too unpredictable’.
date posted: 2018-12-29T09:53:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-07T09:31:02Z
employment type: onsite
language: en
keywords: statistics in sports
keywords: economics
keywords: basketball
keywords: William Pearse
keywords: baseball
keywords: sport
keywords: statistics
type: blog
disciplines: othereconomics
disciplines: economics
disciplines: socialscience
disciplines: management
disciplines: statistics
discipline labels: Other Special Economics Topics (JEL Z)
discipline labels: Economics
discipline labels: Economics and Social Sciences
discipline labels: Management
discipline labels: Statistics